40 Pregnancy termination and cervical incompetence/prematurity/stillbirth (2 to 3-fold risk increase): Wynn and Wynn, "Some Consequences of Induced Abortion to Children Born Subsequently", British Medical Journal, March 3, 1973

41 Pregnancy termination and cervical incompetence/prematurity/stillbirth (2 to 3-fold risk increase): Stubblefield, Philip G., "First and Second Trimester Abortion", in Gynecologic and Obstetric Surgery, David H. Nichols (ed.), Mosby, Baltimore, Md., 1993, p. 1016

42 Pregnancy termination and caesarean delivery/handicapped or ill child (7 to 15-fold risk increase): Barrett, et al, "Induced Abortion:  A Risk Factor for Placenta Previa", American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 141 :7 (1981)

43 Dramatic risks of medical ("chemical"/"non-surgical") abortion: Wiebe, Dr Ellen, in Page, Shelley, "Cocktail of medicine used for abortions", The Ottawa Citizen, September 24, 2005, p. _ & A6.

HUMANITY OF THE UNBORN CHILD

44 The vast majority of abortions are performed between the eight and twelfth week of gestation: Statistics Canada, Therapeutic abortions, 1995-

45 At the 7th week of gestation, one can clearly see, thanks to ultrasound videos, the child in the mother's womb suck their thumb, cry, yawn, scratch, stretch, make summersaults, etc. : video "Window on the beginnings of life", Soundwave Images, USA, 22 min.

Biology, embryology, foetology and genetic facts

46 When does life begin? I will try to give the most precise answer to that question actually available to science...Life has a very long history, but each individual has a very neat beginning, the moment of its conception...To accept the fact that after fertilization has taken place a new human being has come into being is no longer a matter of taste or opinion. The human nature of the human being, conception to old age, is not a metaphysical contention, it is plain experimental evidence. --Late Dr. Jerome‑Lejeune, Professor of Genetics at the Rene Descartes University in Paris, testimony during the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee hearings on "when life begins", 1981.

47 In biology and in medicine, it is an accepted fact that the life of any individual organism reproducing by sexual reproduction begins at conception, the time when the egg cell from the female and the sperm cell from the male join to form a single new cell, the zygote; this zygote is the starting cell of the new system.

Most textbooks of embryology have chapters describing the history of embryology and the experiments done to show that multicellular organisms develop from a single cell, the zygote. Because these kinds of experiments in embryological development have been repeated so many different times on so many different species, and have always led to the same result...that organisms reproducing by sexual reproduction always arise from a single cell, and that they are always of the same biological species as their parents...this fact is universally accepted and taught at all levels of biological education. It is the continuous repetition, duplication and confirmation of experimental results that proves that the fact is indeed true...

It is scientifically correct to say that an individual life begins at conception...Our laws, one function of which is to help preserve the lives of our people, should be based on accurate scientific data. Dr. Micheline M. Matthews-Roth of Harvard Medical School, testifying before the same committee

48 The beginning of a single human life is from a biological point of view a simple and straightforward matter...the beginning is conception. This straightforward biological fact should not be distorted to serve sociological, political or economic goals. Testimony of Dr. Watson A. Bowes Jr. of the University of Colorado Medical School

49 I am no more prepared to say these early stages represent an incomplete human being, than I would be to say that the child prior to the dramatic effects of puberty...is not a human being. This is human life at every stage albeit incomplete until late adolescence. Testimony of Dr. Alfred Bongiovanni of the University of Pennsylvania

50 Dr. McCarthy De Mere, a practising physician as well as a law professor at the University of Tennessee testified: The exact moment of the beginning [of] personhood and of the human body is at the moment of conception.

51 In March 1990, Dr. Jerome Lejeune testified before the Canadian Legislative Committee studying Bill C-43, An Act Respecting Abortion. Dr. Lejeune told the Parliamentary Committee: We know, beyond any possible doubt, that when the sperm enters the ovum all the information required to make a

human being...is present. We also know, with the same degree of certainty, that no subsequent genetic

information, after fertilization, is passed on to a human being. This is neither the opinion of a moralist nor the hypothesis of a metaphysician, it is a very specific observation made in the course of experiment.

If it were not true that all the information required to define each human being is present at fertilization, In-Vitro Fertilization would not be possible. If a human being did not exist at fertilization, it would be impossible for a sperm to enter an ovum in a test tube and for the embryo that may result to be transferred to a woman who is not the biological mother. In other words, the fact that In-Vitro Fertilization exists proves, beyond a doubt, that human life begins at fertilization.

52 In 1986, the Senate Committee on Human Experimentation in Australia concluded that, "the embryo is genetically new human life organized as a distinct entity oriented towards further development." Senator Shirley Walters, a member of the committee, told the Australian Parliament: There is no doubt that the human embryo genetically is a new human life. The Committee took evidence from eminent scientists and medical and individual experts...None attempted to argue that the human embryo was other than a developing human being...From such evidence the Committee formed the opinion that the human embryo deserved respect and protection according to its status as human.

53 In 1986, the Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly took the view, in Recommendation 1041/1986, that human life develops in a continuous manner from the time of fertilization, and that human embryos are thus to be handled in all cases with due respect for their dignity.

54 A new individual is created when the elements of a potent sperm merge with those of a fertile ovum, or egg: Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Pregnancy," page 968, 15th Edition, Chicago 1974.

55 "Development begins at fertilization when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a zygote; this cell is the beginning of a new human being". Moore, Keith L., The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, page 12, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1974.

56 "It is the penetration of the ovum by a spermatozoa and the resulting mingling of the nuclear material each brings to the union that constitutes the culmination process of fertilization and marks the initiation of the life of an individual". Patten, Bradley M., Human Embryology, page 43, McGraw Hill, New York, 1968.

57 "Almost from the moment of conception, great quantities of these biochemical messengers appear in the cell, indicating that at the direction of the DNA, the vital processes of the new organism have swung into action...Even when the organism consists of only one cell, researchers have been able to demonstrate the presence of two new proteins...complex molecules which were not present in the unfertilized egg...By all criteria of modern molecular biology, life is present from the moment of conception". Gordon, Hymie, M.D., F.R.C.P, Chairman of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, testimony to US Senate Judiciary Subcommittee, April 13, 1981.

58 "...The merger is complete within twelve hours, at which time the egg - which may have "waited" as many as forty years for this moment - is fertilized and becomes known technically as the "zygote," containing the full set of forty-six chromosomes required to create human life. Conception has occurred. The genotype - the inherited characteristics of a unique human being - is established in the conception process and will remain in force for the entire life of that individual. No other event in biological life is as decisive as this one; no other set of circumstances can even remotely rival genotype in "making you what you are." Conception confers life and makes you one of a kind. Unless you have an identical twin, there is virtually no chance, in the natural course of things, that there will ever be "another you" - not even if mankind were to persist for billions of years." Shettles, Landrum, M.D., Rorvik, David, Rites of Life: the Scientific Evidence for Life before Birth, page 36, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1983.

59 "The zygote therefore contains a new arrangement of genes on the chromosomes never before duplicated in any other individual. The offspring destined to develop from the fertilized ovum will have a genetic constitution different from anyone else in the world." DeCoursey, R.M., The Human Organism, 4th edition, page 584, McGraw Hill Inc., Toronto, 1974.

60 "In that fraction of a second when the chromosomes form pairs, the sex of the new child will be determined, hereditary characteristics received from each parent will be set, and a new life will have begun." Kaluger, G., and Kaluger M., Human Development: the Span of Life, page 28-29, The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 1974.

61 "The science of the development of the individual before birth is called embryology. It is the story of miracles, describing the means by which a single microscopic cell is transformed into a complex human being. Genetically the zygote is complete. It represents a new single celled individual." Thibodeau, G.A. and Anthony, C.P., Structure and Function of the Body, 8th edition, pages 409-410, St Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishers, St. Louis, 1988.

62 "The development of a new human being begins when a male's sperm pierces the cell membrane of a female's ovum, or egg...The villi become the placenta, which will nourish the developing infant for the next eight and a half months." Scarr, S., Weinberg, R.A., and Levine A., Understanding Development, page 86, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1986.

63 "Each human begins life as a combination of two cells, a female ovum and a much smaller male sperm. This tiny unit, no bigger than a period on this page, contains all the information needed to enable it to grow into the complex structure of the human body. The mother has only to provide nutrition and protection." Clark, J. ed., The Nervous System: Circuits of Communication in the Human Body, page 99, Torstar Books Inc., Toronto, 1985.

64 "A zygote (a single fertilized egg cell) represents the onset of pregnancy and the genesis of new life." Turner, J.S., and Helms, D.B., Lifespan Developmental, 2nd. ed., page 53, CBS College Publishing (Holt, Rhinehart, Winston), 1983.

PAIN SENSATION IN THE UNBORN CHILD

65 Pain in newborns generates physiological responses hat are identical to those in adults: Anand, Dr K.S.J. and P.R. Hickey, « Pain and its effects in the human neonate and foetus », New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 317, n ^o 21, Nov. 19 1987, p. 1321-1322

66 Anesthesia for children: Melzack, Dr Ronald and Patrick Wall, The Challenge of Pain, Penguin Books, 1996.

67 Anesthesia for children: Harrisson, Helen, The Premature Baby Book: a Parents' Guide to Coping and Caring in the First Years, Martins' Press, 1983

68 The work of Dr Vincent Collins: « Studies in Law and Medicine », Fetal Pain and Abortion: the Medical Evidence, 1984.

69 Open letter to President Ronald Reagan from 26 experts concerning the capacity of the unborn child to feel pain: American Medical News, February 24, 1984

70 The team of Dr Glover provides the first direct proof that the unborn child perceives pain: Glover, Dr Vivette, revue médicale The Lancet, July 9, 1994, vol. 344, pages 77-81.

71 Pain in the unborn child probably more intense than in adults: UK Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, « Fetal Awareness », 1997 ( www.rcog.uk/publications )

72 The UK Medical Research Council report recommends further research to evaluate the positive effects observed when unborn children are treated for pain: UK Medical Research Council, « Report of the MRC Expert Group on Fetal Pain », August 28, 2001 (www.mrc.ac.uk/pdf-fetal.pdf)

73 Disclosure of the way the life of the child will end as a requirement of the Canadian tort law on Informed Consent: Rozovsky, Lorne Elkin, Q.C., and Adrienne Rozovsky, A.B., J.D., M.P.H., The Canadian Law of Consent to Treatment, Butterworths, Toronto.

74 Most often, the death of the child will come about after 10 to 20 minutes of dismemberment ("curettage"): Morgentaler, Henry, Abortion and Contraception, Canada, 1982.

Suction Aspiration

This is the most common method of abortion during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. General or local anaesthesia is given to the mother and her cervix is quickly dilated. A suction curette (hollow tube with a knife-edged tip) is inserted into the womb. This instrument is then connected to a vacuum machine by a transparent tube. The vacuum suction, 29 times more powerful than a household vacuum cleaner, tears the foetus and placenta into small pieces which are sucked through the tube into a bottle and discarded.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

This method is similar to the suction method with the added insertion of a loop-shaped knife (curette) which cuts the foetus into pieces. The pieces are scraped out through the cervix and discarded. [Note: This abortion method should not be confused with a therapeutic D&C done for reasons other than pregnancy.]

Dilation and Evacuation (D&E)

This method is used up to 18 weeks' gestation. Instead of the loop-shaped knife used in D&C abortions, a pair of forceps is inserted into the womb to grasp part of the foetus. The teeth of the forceps twist and tear the body of the unborn child. This process is repeated until the foetus is totally dismembered and removed. Usually the spine must be snapped and the skull crushed in order to remove the unborn child from the uterus.

"[A] physician performing a D&E must deal with the second trimester foetus in an intimate, physical way...ossified parts, such as the skull, must be crushed. The bone fragments must be extracted carefully to avoid tearing the cervix. Reconstruction of the foetal sections after removal from the uterus is necessary to ensure completeness of the abortion procedure." "Emotional Impact of D&E vs. Instillation," Family Planning Perspectives, Nov. /Dec., 1977.

"You are doing a destructive process," said Dr. William Benbow Thompson of the University of California at Irvine. "Arms, legs, chests come out in the forceps. It's not a sight for everybody." "Abortion: The Dreaded Complication," Liz Jeffries and Rick Edmonds, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Aug. 2, 1981.

 "We have reached a point in this particular technology where there is no possibility of denial of an act of destruction by the operator [performing the D&E abortion]. It is before one's eyes. The sensations of dismemberment flow through the forceps like an electric current. It is the crucible of a raging controversy, the confrontation of a modern existential dilemma. The more we seem to solve the problem, the more intractable it becomes." Hern, Walter, M.D., prominent Colorado abortionist, report to Planned Parenthood Physicians, Oct. 26, 1978.

"Although technically the result of legal abortion, each foetus expelled alive because of prostaglandin lives for several hours...One series of 607 second trimester abortions from Mt. Sinai Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut, resulted in 45 live births including one set of twins. None of the babies survived more than 13 hours." Koop, C. Everett, M.D., ScD, former U.S. Surgeon General, The Right to Live, The Right to Die, page 34, Life Cycle Books, Toronto, 1980.

"Hysterotomy is an operation like a Caesarean section in which the infant is surgically removed from the mother's abdomen and uterus. With the hysterotomy type of abortion there is no chemical that is inducing foetal death. When the surgeon [cuts open] the uterus the baby is still alive." Hilgers, Thomas W., M.D., Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Creighton University, in testimony before the U.S. Senate Constitution Subcommittee, October 14, 1981.

"One could see where the arms and legs had been ripped from the body and removed separately, how the spine had been snapped in two and removed with dispatch, how the skull had been crushed and the brain drained out before the bony parts were removed." Nathanson, Bernard, M.D., Aborting America, Life Cycle Books, Toronto, 1979.

"As the infant is lifted from the womb, said one obstetrician, "He is only sleeping, like his mother. She is under anaesthesia, and so is he. You want to know how they kill him? They put a towel over his face so he can't breathe. And by the time they get him to the lab, he is dead." Chervanak, Frank A., M.D. et al., "When is Termination of Pregnancy During the Third Trimester Morally Justifiable?" The New England Journal of Medicine, page 17, vol. 310, no. 8, February 23, 1981.

"In studying the reports on abortion from the Centers for Disease Control, it becomes clear that the standard abortion techniques...do not encompass all the means used to destroy the unborn. Invariably in listing means of abortion, there is a column marked "other." I have often wondered what the term encompasses. We do have some indication. The New England Journal of Medicine featured an article that describes how to abort one twin without destroying the other. Using ultrasound, Dr. Thomas Kerenyi guided a needle through the mother's abdomen and then punctured the heart of the twin who had been diagnosed as having Down's Syndrome. He withdrew approximately 40-50 percent of the infant's blood, and the baby died. Several months later, the mother gave birth to the survivor and discharged the remains of the dead infant. At a news conference shortly thereafter, Dr. Kerenyi described the corpse as "flat, fragile and paper like....like a rose that had been pressed in the Bible for five years." But that was not a rose pressed lovingly in a Bible. It was the remains of an infant. Young, Curt, The Least of These: What Everyone Should Know About Abortion, page 99, Moody Press, Chicago, 1984.

75 If death is inflicted by calcination (4 ^th degree burns, through "medical", or "chemical" abortion), the death process may last up to two weeks, during which time the woman will feel the child struggle vigorously until it dies and is expulsed, calcinated, through massive uterine cramps: Wiebe, Dr Helen, in Page, Shelley, « Cocktail of medicine used for abortions », The Ottawa Citizen, September 24, 2005, p. _ & A6.

76 Abortion through massive heart attack (potassium chloride injection directly in the heart): UK Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, « Fetal Awareness », 1997 ( www.rcog.uk/publications )

77 "Partial birth abortion" ("Dilatation and extraction", or "D & X")

The D&X method is used when the foetus is over 20 weeks of age. At this stage of development, the toughness of the foetal tissues makes the D&E method difficult. Partial birth abortion evolved to overcome this problem. After dilating the cervix for two days, the abortionist uses ultrasound to locate the legs of the foetus. One leg is pulled into the vagina with forceps, and then the other leg and torso are delivered by hand. The head of the foetus remains in the uterus. Using blunt-tipped surgical scissors in a closed position, the abortionist pierces the head of the foetus at the base of the skull, and then opens the scissors to enlarge the hole. A suction catheter is inserted into the wound and the skull contents vacuumed out. The corpse is then pulled completely from the mother's body.

78 In Canada, the Criminal Code stipulates that one can take the life of an unborn child at any stage of pregnancy all the way until the moment of birth, and this for any reason whatsoever : Codified Laws and regulations of Canada, Chapter C-46, "Criminal Code", Sections 223 and 238 ; ( http://laws/justice.gc.ca/en/C-46/1776.html)

79 Pregnancy termination is a lucrative industry where certain private clinics in Canada generate more than $11 million pr year in gross revenue: For the fiscale year 1992-1993, the 103,244 abortions performed in Canada cost Canadians $55,964,593 (source: Judi McLeod, Toronto Free Press, Sept. 14-27, 1999). Of this number, the 8 Morgentaler clinics located in 7 Canadian provinces, performed 19,026, this without taking into account of those performed at the Edmonton clinic (numbers undisclosed). At an average cost of $607.25 per abortion, the gross annual revenue of the Morgentaler clinics is no less than $11,553,538 (11 million dollars), with, in Ontario, rent ($500,000 per year) and security costs ($450,000) entirely paid by public funds, this for ten years (see www.caral.ca and www.morgentaler.ca).